October 31: What happened on this day in history?

475 - Romulus Augustus was proclaimed Emperor of Rome.

644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab was attacked with a dagger during morning prayers in Medina by Abu Lu'lu'a, who had requested a reduction in the tax levied on him, but whose request was denied. While the attacker committed suicide, Umar ibn al-Khattab died on November 3.

1517 - Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenberg, marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

1831 - Takvim-i Vekayi began publication.

1864 - Nevada became the 36th state of the USA.

1876 - A massive cyclone in India: More than 200 thousand people died.

1892 - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle began publishing the adventures of Sherlock Holmes.

1918 - The short-lived Banat Republic was established in the Banat region of Southeastern Europe.

1919 - Sütçü İmam fired the first shot against French occupiers in Kahramanmaraş.

1922 - Mussolini became the Prime Minister of Italy.

1924 - Mustafa Kemal Pasha, on the 1st anniversary of the Republic, stated, "The form of government most suitable to the nature and customs of the Turkish nation is the Republican form of government."

1951 - Pedestrian crossing lines were used for the first time in Berkshire, United Kingdom.

1952 - The USA conducted its first hydrogen bomb test in the Marshall Islands.

1956 - Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France began bombing Egypt to ensure the reopening of the Suez Canal.

1961 - At the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the body of Joseph Stalin, who was blamed for past mistakes, was removed from Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

1963 - The Military Court of Cassation approved the death sentences of Talat Aydemir, Fethi Gürcan, Osman Deniz, and Erol Dinçer.

1963 - Fenerbahçe football player Lefter Küçükandonyadis was awarded a medal of honor for wearing the national jersey for the 50th time.

1967 - Rauf Denktaş secretly entered the island during a period when Turkish Cypriots were being subjected to attacks by Greek gangs.

1970 - The Workers' Party of Turkey (TİP) General Congress elected Behice Boran as Chairperson.

1972 - A passenger train and a freight train collided near Eskişehir; 30 people died and 60 were injured.

1984 - Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two Sikh security guards, leading to riots in which approximately 2,000 innocent Sikhs were killed.

1999 - An EgyptAir passenger plane flying from New York to Cairo crashed off the coast of Massachusetts: 217 people died.

2000 - A Singapore Airlines Boeing 747 passenger plane crashed during takeoff: 83 people died.

2000 - An Antonov passenger plane exploded in northern Angola shortly after takeoff: 50 people died.

2000 - Air pollution levels around the Yatağan Thermal Power Plant exceeded limit values; 3 units of the plant were shut down, and a "do not go outside" warning was issued to the district residents.

1989 - Turgut Özal was elected the 8th President of Turkey with 263 votes.

1992 - The Turkish Armed Forces captured the Haftanin camp, a PKK base in northern Iraq.

1992 - The Vatican acknowledged the correctness of Galileo, who stated that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

1994 - An American passenger plane crashed in Indiana: 68 people died.

1996 - A Brazilian passenger plane crashed in São Paulo (Brazil): 98 people died.

1997 - At the National Security Council meeting, the revised National Security Policy Document was approved, replacing the document dated November 18, 1992.

1998 - Iraq announced that it would not cooperate with UN weapons inspectors.

2010 - A bomb exploded in Taksim. An attack was carried out against the riot police team stationed permanently in Taksim Square.

2011 - Symbolically, the birth of the world's 7 billionth person.

2012 - Construction of the Taksim Pedestrianization Project began.

2015 - A Russian Metrojet passenger plane crashed in the Sinai Peninsula 23 minutes after takeoff while traveling from Egypt to Russia, carrying 214 passengers and 7 crew members. 224 people died in the tragic event.